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HPAI wild birds North America
Generalized ecology of avian-origin influenza A (AI) viruses showing common directionality of cross-species transmission events, including those for highly pathogenic (HP) phenotypes. Reprinted from the Journal of Wildlife Management (2022) with permission.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI): An emerging disease threat in North America

By Andrew M. Ramey and Colleen M. Handel, U.S. Geological Survey Linked paper: Highly pathogenic avian influenza is an emerging disease threat to wild birds in North America by A. …